Sewage treatment

The presence of a water supply system is one of the most important signs of a well-maintained building. And if there is a water supply system, there must also be a system of water disposal and the release of effluents from impurities. If we are talking about a centralized sewage system, Vodokanal carries out wastewater treatment and their disposal. In your own home, the issue of disposal and regeneration of waste water is entirely the responsibility of the landlord. Consider the most common methods for regenerating waste fluids.

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What is wastewater?

Sewage is called water, which, when used for industrial or domestic needs, was contaminated. This category includes melt and rainwater, which were collected from the surface of the soil.

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Pollution classification

For the correct selection of treatment equipment, you need to have basic knowledge about the types of pollution. Only in full understanding of what you will get rid of, wastewater treatment will be really effective. All pollution is usually divided into three categories.

Mineral

These are all types of impurities of inorganic origin - soil particles, salts and other chemical inorganic compounds.

Organic

These impurities contain residues of animal and plant origin, as well as organic chemical compounds (e.g. polymers).

Biological

The waste liquid contains various microorganisms. Moreover, it acts as a nutrient medium for microorganisms.

Important! As a rule, all listed components in different proportions are present in the waste water. For example:

• the ratio of organic and inorganic impurities in ordinary household wastewater is 3: 2;
• the percentage of the biological component and its composition depends on the type of effluent and the presence of microorganisms in the environment.

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Cleaning standards

The selected technology for wastewater treatment should provide the desired degree of water treatment. At the same time, strict waste water treatment standards are accepted only for industry.

Important! The concentration of each substance in purified water is regulated. For example, the liberation of water from iron should be carried out in such a way that its content at the outlet does not exceed 0.1 mg / l.

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Wastewater treatment methods

Using modern methods of water regeneration allows you to apply it again. Naturally, not for drinking or cooking, but for household needs - watering, washing cars or garden paths.

To liberate domestic wastewater from impurities, the following water treatment methods are used:

• Mechanical - sedimentation, filtering.
• Physicochemical - the use of the phenomena of adsorption, coagulation, as well as the release of water from impurities by adding various chemicals.
• Biological - the use of special bacteria for the treatment of wastewater.

Consider what these wastewater treatment technologies are.

Mechanical

Basically, this method is used at the initial stage of waste recovery. The main task of this stage is to free them from large impurities. Such filtration is carried out by the method of gravitational sedimentation and the installation of filters with rough cleaning.

Important! Mechanical methods make it possible to treat wastewater by 60-70%. Settling is also widely used. With the help of sedimentation, oil products are removed from the water. For this reason, the mechanical method of removing impurities is used in car washes and oil refineries.

The mechanical method is also used for storm water, since they contain a lot of large debris. In addition, in storm sewers, sand traps are used that do not allow sand to enter the system.

Types of wastewater treatment: biological method

Biological methods are used to clean domestic wastewater. The following types of biological type installations are distinguished:

1. Biofilters. The essence of the method is to pass water through a layer of coarse-grained material (sand, gravel), covered with the thinnest bacterial film. When sewage seeps through the bacterial film, intense biooxidation reactions occur.
2. Biological ponds. These are natural or artificially created reservoirs in which wastewater is treated by natural bioprocesses. As a rule, a bio pond is used for the post-treatment of waste water, which has already undergone primary mechanical treatment. Usually the depth of such water bodies is small - it does not exceed 1.0 m, they are well warmed up by the sun.

Important! In the ponds there are various microorganisms, the vital activity of which is ensured by organic substances. In bioponds, both anaerobic and aerobic processes occur (moreover, atmospheric or artificially supplied oxygen can be used for aerobic processes).

3. Aerotanks are closed tanks for biological wastewater treatment, with forced oxygen supply. In these installations, activated sludge is used. The composition of this substance contains bacteria and protozoa (ciliates, amoeba). The mixture contributes to the quality of wastewater treatment.

Chemical and physico-chemical methods

These methods are rarely used in everyday life. Most often, chemical and physico-chemical methods are used to treat industrial waters:

• The coagulation method involves the adhesion of small particles of impurities into larger ones. The essence of coagulation is the interaction of the liquid to be cleaned and the reagent (flocculant or coagulant).
• The adsorption method helps to separate most of the harmful impurities that are contained in wastewater.

Important! Impurities contained in water are transformed into harmless forms.

Chemical wastewater treatment consists in treating primarily purified water with solutions of bleach, potassium permanganate and other chemical compounds that can destroy pathogens.

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The right choice of treatment device

The choice of a device for wastewater treatment is one of the most important points in the arrangement of sewage.

Choose a treatment plant, guided by the following criteria:

• Long working resource, reliability. The ideal option when the service life of the entire building coincides with the resource of the treatment plant.
• Ease of maintenance and use.
• Quality of waste water treatment.
• Productivity (the ability to completely recycle all domestic wastewater).

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Stock footage

The release of fluid from the additives contained in it is a rather laborious process that requires compliance with all sanitary and technological standards. The choice of one method or another depends on the type of waste water, its quantity, as well as on the content of contaminants.